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The Ainu in Russia are indigenous peoples of Russia located in Sakhalin Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai and Kamchatka Krai. The Ainu people (Айны), also called Kurile (Куриль), Kamchatka's Kurile (Камчатские Куриль / Камчадальские Айны) or Ein (Ейны) can be subdivided into six groups. Although only around 100 people currently identify themselves as Ainu in Russia (according to the census of 2010), it is believed that at least 1,000 Russian people are of significant Ainu ancestry. The low numbers identifying as Ainu are a result of the refusal by the federal government to recognize the Ainu as a "living" ethnic group. Most of the people who identify themselves as Ainu live in Kamchatka Krai, although the largest number of people who are of Ainu ancestry (without acknowledging it) are found in Sakhalin Oblast.〔http://english.ruvr.ru/radio_broadcast/2249159/49638669.html〕 ==Subgroups== The Ainu of Russia can be subdivided into six groups, of which three are extinct without even partial descendants. 1. ''Kamchatka Ainu'' - known as Kamchatka Kurile in Russian records. Ceased to exist as a separate ethnic group after their defeat in 1706 by the Russians and the smallpox epidemics which followed it. Individuals were assimilated into the Kurile and Kamchadal ethnic groups. Last recorded in the 18th century by Russian explorers.〔Shibatani, Masayoshi (1990). (''The languages of Japan'' ). Cambridge University Press via Google Books. p. 3.〕 2. Northern Kuril Ainu – also known as Kurile in Russian records. Were under Russian rule till 1875. First came under Japanese rule after the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875). Major population was on the island of Shumshu, with a few others in islands like Paramushir. Altogether they numbered 221 in 1860. They had Russian names, spoke Russian fluently and were Russian Orthodox in religion. As the islands were given to the Japanese, more than a hundred Ainu fled to Kamchatka along with their Russian employers (where they were assimilated into the Kamchadal population).〔〔Minichiello, Sharon (1998). (''Japan's competing modernities: issues in culture and democracy, 1900-1930'' ). University of Hawaii Press via Google Books. p. 163.〕 Those who remained under Japanese rule became extinct after the World War 2. Numbers close to 100 people currently and lives in Ust-Bolsheretsky District. 3. Southern Kuril Ainu – Numbered almost 2,000 people (mainly in Kunashir, Iturup and Urup) during the 18th century. In 1884, their population had decreased to 500. Around 50 individuals (mostly multiracial) who remained in 1941 were evacuated to Hokkaido by the Japanese soon after WW2.〔 The last of the tribe in Japan, Tanaka Kinu died in Hokkaido in 1973.〔http://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/10012/2765/1/Scott%20Harrison_GSO_Thesis.pdf〕 Only 6 members (all from Nakamura clan) survive in Russia. 4. ''Amur Valley Ainu'' – a few individuals married to ethnic Russians and ethnic Ulchi reported by Bronisław Piłsudski in the early 20th century.〔Piłsudski, Bronisław; Majewicz, Alfred F. (2004). (''The collected works of Bronisław Piłsudski Volume 3'' ). Walter de Gruyter via Google Books. p. 816.〕 Only 26 pure blooded individuals were recorded during the 1926 Russian Census in Nikolaevski Okrug (present day Николаевский район Nikolaevskij Region/District).〔http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_26.php?reg=1410〕 Probably assimilated into the Slavic rural population. Although no one identifies as Ainu nowadays in Khabarovsk Krai, there are a large number of ethnic Ulch with partial Ainu ancestry.〔Shaman: an international journal for Shamanistic research, Volumes 4-5 p.155〕〔Piłsudski, Bronisław; Majewicz, Alfred F. (2004). (''The collected works of Bronisław Piłsudski Volume 3'' ). Walter de Gruyter via Google Books. p. 37.〕 5. ''North Sakhalin Ainu'' - Only 5 pure blooded individuals were recorded during the 1926 Russian Census in Northern Sakhalin. Most of the Sakhalin Ainu (mainly from coastal areas) were relocated to Hokkaido in 1875 by Japan. The few remained (mainly from remote interior) were mostly married to Russians as can be seen from the works of Bronisław Piłsudski.〔Howell, David L. (2005). (''Geographies of identity in nineteenth-century Japan'' ). University of California Press via Google Books. p. 187.〕 Extinct as a tribe, but may be possible to find isolated individuals of distant Ainu ancestry. 6. Southern Sakhalin Ainu – Japan evacuated almost all the Ainus to Hokkaido after the Second World War. Isolated individuals might have remained in Sakhalin.〔http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_26.php?reg=1420〕 In 1949, there were about 100 Ainu living in Russian Sakhalin.〔Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (1996). (''Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia and the Americas'' ). Walter de Gruyter via Google Books. p. 1010.〕 Ainu of Sakhalin were under extreme pressure from the Soviet authorities and after 1945, children were not allowed to use "Ainu" as their nationality. The last three full blooded individuals died during the 1980s. Only people of mixed ethnic origin (Russian-Ainu, Japanese-Ainu and Gilyak-Ainu) remain now. They number several hundred, but very few acknowledge their Ainu ancestry. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ainu in Russia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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